unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
What is unshielded twisted pair?
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is a ubiquitous type of copper cabling used in telephone wiring and local area networks (LANs). The five types of UTP cables are identified with the prefix CAT, as in category, each supporting a different amount of bandwidth.
Alternatives to UTP cable include coaxial cable and fiber optic cable. Each type of cabling has benefits and tradeoffs, but broadly speaking, most enterprises favor UTP cable due to its low cost and ease of installation.
How UTP cables work: Twisted pair design
Inside a UTP cable is up to four twisted pairs of copper wires enclosed in a protective plastic cover, with the greater number of pairs corresponding to more bandwidth. The two individual wires in a single pair are twisted around each other, and then the pairs are twisted around each other, as well. This is done to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic interference, each of which can degrade network performance. Each signal on a twisted pair requires both wires.
Twisted pairs are color-coded to make it easy to identify each pair. In North America, one wire in a pair is identified by one of five colors: blue, orange, green, brown or slate (gray). This wire is paired with a wire from a different color group: white, red, black, yellow or violet. Typically, one wire in a pair is solid-colored, and the second is striped with the color of its mate -- e.g., a solid blue wire would be paired with a white-and-blue striped wire -- so they can be easily identified and matched.
Different uses, such as analog, digital and Ethernet, require different pair multiples.
The twisted-pair design was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1881.
Types of UTP cables
The five categories of UTP cable are defined by the TIA/EIA 568 standard:
- CAT3: Rarely used today, CAT3 is usually deployed in phone lines. It supports 10 Mbps for up to 100 meters.
- CAT4: Typically used in token ring networks, CAT4 supports 16 Mbps for up to 100 meters.
- CAT5: Used in Ethernet-based LANs, CAT5 contains two twisted pairs. It supports 100 Mbps for up to 100 meters.
- CAT5e: Used in Ethernet-based LANs, CAT5e contains four twisted pairs. It supports 1 Gbps for 100 meters.
- CAT6: Used in Ethernet-based LANs and data center networks, CAT6 contains four tightly wound twisted pairs. It supports 1 Gbps for up to 100 meters and 10 Gbps for up to 50 meters.
Shielded vs. unshielded twisted pair cables
The word unshielded in UTP refers to the lack of metallic shielding around the copper wires. By its nature, the twisted-pair design helps minimize electronic interference by providing balanced signal transmission, making a physical shield unnecessary. In addition, different twist rates -- that is, varying the amount of twists between different pairs -- can also be used to reduce crosstalk. Because these protections come from how the wires are physically laid out, bending or stretching a UTP cable too much can damage the pairs and make interference more likely to occur.
In a shielded twisted pair (STP), the wires are enclosed in a shield that functions as a grounding mechanism to protect occupants and equipment from the dangers of high voltage and shock. This is done to provide greater protection from electromagnetic interference and radio frequency interference. However, STP cable is more expensive and difficult to install, compared to UTP.
