Emerging solutions to address the environmental impact of pregnancy tests

The global plastic waste crisis is well-documented and is raising concern, with annual production surpassing 450 million tonnes. This rampant plastic production is clogging landfills and significantly contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and ocean pollution. A substantial portion of this plastic waste, approximately 50%, is single-use and often contaminates ecosystems and enters the food chain. Within this broader context of plastic pollution, single-use pregnancy tests emerge as a significant, yet often overlooked, contributor to environmental degradation. 

Understanding the Problem 

Traditional single-use pregnancy tests, primarily composed of non-biodegradable plastics, contribute substantially to the global plastic waste problem. Environmental reports indicate that over two million tons of plastic waste are generated annually from pregnancy tests alone. This waste not only fills landfills but also negatively impacts wildlife and ecosystems. Furthermore, the production and disposal of these tests exacerbate the environmental burden, making it imperative to seek sustainable alternatives. 

The Hidden Costs of Digital Tests 

While digital and analog pregnancy tests serve the same fundamental purpose — detecting the pregnancy hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in urine — their environmental footprints differ significantly. Analog tests, often called "regular" tests, involve simpler materials and processes. However, digital tests, with their additional electronic components and batteries, pose a more significant environmental threat. These components contribute to electronic waste (e-waste), a growing concern worldwide. 

E-waste from digital pregnancy tests includes small computers and batteries that, when discarded, leak hazardous chemicals into the soil, water, and air. This pollution harms the environment and poses severe health risks to local communities. Studies have shown that populations living near e-waste sites experience changes in thyroid function, decreased lung function, DNA damage, and adverse reproductive effects such as stillbirths, premature births, and reduced birth weights. 

E-waste management is a critical issue, with only 20% of recoverable materials being properly recycled as of 2016. The remaining e-waste often ends up in landfills or is exported to countries lacking the infrastructure to handle it safely. Workers in these countries frequently operate without adequate protective equipment, exposing themselves and their families to toxic substances. This not only leads to severe health problems but also perpetuates environmental injustice. 

Sustainable Pregnancy Testing Solutions 

Addressing the environmental impact of pregnancy tests requires a multi-faceted approach, focusing on reducing plastic waste and mitigating the effects of e-waste. Fortunately, several promising solutions are emerging. 

Plastic Neutral Initiatives 

Analog pregnancy and ovulation tests that are certified plastic-neutral are available from many retailers online in the United States. For example, Natalist, acquired by Everly Health in 2021, ensures that an equivalent amount of plastic is removed from the environment for every pound of plastic produced. This initiative represents a significant step toward reducing the environmental impact of pregnancy tests and promoting sustainable practices in healthcare products. 

Reusable Pregnancy Tests 

One of the most promising developments in sustainable pregnancy testing is the introduction of reusable tests. These tests function similarly to traditional single-use tests but are designed for multiple uses, significantly reducing waste. Reusable tests typically consist of a durable, compact device that can be easily cleaned and reused for multiple testing cycles. They combine absorbent materials and chemical indicators to detect hCG in urine, providing accurate results within minutes. 

For instance, Medasia offers a dual-function electronic pregnancy and ovulation test that allows users to test both pregnancy and ovulation with a single device. Its reusable digital display pen can be used multiple times, simply requiring the replacement of test strips. Easy to use, the test involves installing the strip on the display pen, dipping it in urine for 10–20 seconds, and waiting for results to appear within 5 minutes. The test is over 99% accurate and offers early pregnancy detection up to four days before a period is due. It features an HCG function that indicates how many weeks since conception if pregnant.  

The benefits of reusable pregnancy tests extend beyond their environmental impact. They offer cost-effectiveness by reducing the need for frequent purchases and providing long-term value. The convenience and reliability of being able to reuse the test multiple times also reassure users, making them a practical choice for eco-conscious individuals. 

Biodegradable and Flushable Options 

Another innovative approach is the development of biodegradable and flushable pregnancy tests. These tests, made from plant fibers, can either be flushed or composted, degrading completely within weeks. Such products present a sustainable alternative to traditional plastic tests, significantly reducing the environmental burden. However, these biodegradable tests' production and market availability have faced challenges.  

For example, Lia Diagnostics' flushable and biodegradable pregnancy test, approved by the FDA in 2017, has not seen widespread production and distribution. 

The Future of Sustainable Pregnancy Testing 

The shift toward sustainable pregnancy tests reflects a broader societal awareness of the environmental consequences of disposable products. As demand for eco-friendly and reusable products grows, the future of pregnancy testing will likely see increased emphasis on sustainable and reusable alternatives. Ongoing advancements in technology and materials will further enhance the accessibility, affordability, and environmental impact of these products.